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Arab people
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation).
Arab
العرب al-ʿarab Arab infobox.jpg
Philip the Arab • John of Damascus • Al-Kindi • Al-Khansa
Faisal I of Iraq • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Asmahan • May Ziade
Total population
approx. 350 to 422 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Pan-Arab States 339,510,535
Brazil 12,000,000[2]
France 6,000,000[3]
Argentina 3,500,000[4]
United States 3,500,000[5]
Iran 700,000 - 2,000,000[6]
Israel 1,500,000[7]
Mexico 1,100,000[8]
Languages
Arabic, Modern South Arabian[9][10]
Religion
Predominantly Islam; largest minority: Christianity; other religions
Arab people (Arabic: عربي, ʿarabi) or Arabs (العرب al-ʿarab) are an ethnic
group whose members identify along linguistic, cultural or genealogical
grounds.[11] Arabs are a Semitic-speaking people originating in Arabia, but
today spread across most of Western Asia and North Africa, and many other parts
of the world.[12]
With the rise of Islam in the 7th century CE as the language of the Qur'an, the
Arabic language became the lingua franca of the wider Mediterranean region, and
Arabic language and culture were widely disseminated as a result of early
Islamic expansion.[13]
Though the Arabic language is older, Arabic culture was first spread in Western
Asia beginning in the 2nd century, as Arab Christians such as the Ghassanids,
Lakhmids and Banu Judham began migrating north from Arabia into the Syrian
Desert and the Levant.[14][15]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Etymology
* 2 Arab identity
* 3 Population of Arabic speakers
* 4 History
o 4.1 Ancient Near East
o 4.2 Early migrations
o 4.3 Early Islamic period
+ 4.3.1 Levant and Iraq
+ 4.3.2 North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula
o 4.4 Islamic Golden Age
+ 4.4.1 Arabs of the Caucasus and Central Asia
+ 4.4.2 Tribal genealogy
* 5 Religion
* 6 Culture
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Bibliography
* 10 External links
[edit] Etymology
Further information: Etymology of the word Arab
"Arab" is defined independently of religious identity, and pre-dates the rise of
Islam, with historically attested Arab Christian kingdoms and Arab Jews. The
earliest documented use of the word "Arab" as defining a group of people dates
from the 9th century BCE.[16] Islamized but non-Arabized peoples, and therefore
the majority of the world's Muslims, do not form part of the Arab World but
comprise what is the geographically larger and more diverse Muslim World.
[edit] Arab identity
In the modern era, defining who is an Arab is done on the grounds of one or more
of the following three criteria:
Distribution of Arabic as sole official language (green) and one of several
official languages (blue).
* Genealogical: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to the tribes of
Arabia - the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula - and the Syrian
Desert. This definition was the definition used in medieval times, for example
by Ibn Khaldun,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] but has decreased in
importance as more people have come to identify as Arabs.
* Linguistic: someone whose first language, and by extension cultural
expression, is Arabic, including any of its varieties. This definition covers
more than 300 million people. Certain groups that fulfill this criterion reject
this definition on the basis of non-Arab ancestry, such an example may be seen
in the way that Egyptians identify themselves.[17][18]
* Political: in the modern nationalist era, any person who is a citizen of a
country where Arabic is either the national language or one of the official
languages, and/or a citizen of a country which may simply be a member of the
Arab League (thereby having Arabic as an official government language, even if
not used by the majority of the population). This definition would cover over
300 million people. It may be the most contested definition, as it is the most
simplistic one. It would exclude the entire Arab diaspora outside of the Arab
world, but include not only people with Arab ancestry (Gulf Arabs and others,
such as Bedouins, where they may exist) or who identify themselves as Arabs, but
would also include Arabized groups who do not identify themselves as Arabs
(including many Lebanese and many Egyptians, both Christians and Muslims) and
even non-Arabized ethnic minorities who have remained non-Arabic-speaking (such
as the Berbers in Morocco, Kurds in Iraq, or the Somali majority of Arab League
member Somalia).
Traditional Bedouin
The relative importance of these three factors is estimated differently by
different groups and frequently disputed. Some combine aspects of each
definition, as done by Habib Hassan Touma,[19] who defines an Arab "in the
modern sense of the word", as "one who is a national of an Arab state, has
command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arab
tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of
the culture." Most people who consider themselves Arab do so based on the
overlap of the political and linguistic definitions. Few people consider
themselves Arab based on the political definition without also having Arabic as
a language. Thus few Kurds and Berbers identify as Arab, although for instance
some Berbers also consider themselves Arab (see for example: Gellner, Ernest and
Micaud, Charles, Eds. Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa.
Lexington: Lexington Books, 1972). Some religious minorities within Western Asia
and North Africa who speak Arabic or any of its varieties as their primary
community language, such as Egyptian Copts and Lebanese Christians, may not
identify as Arabs.
The Arab League at its formation in 1946 defined Arab as "a person whose
language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy
with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples".
The relation of ʿarab and ʾaʿrāb is complicated further by the notion of "lost
Arabs" al-ʿArab al-ba'ida mentioned in the Qur'an as punished for their
disbelief. All contemporary Arabs were considered as descended from two
ancestors, Qahtan and Adnan.
Versteegh (1997) is uncertain whether to ascribe this distinction to the memory
of a real difference of origin of the two groups, but it is certain that the
difference was strongly felt in early Islamic times. Even in Islamic Spain there
was enmity between the Qays of the northern and the Kalb of the southern group.
The so-called Himyarite language described by Al-Hamdani (died 946) appears to
be a special case of language contact between the two groups, an originally
north Arabic dialect spoken in the south, and influenced by Old South Arabian.
During the Muslim conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arabs
forged an Arab Empire (under the Rashidun and Umayyads, and later the Abbasids)
whose borders touched southern France in the west, China in the east, Asia Minor
in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land
empires in history. In much of this area, the Arabs spread Islam and the Arabic
language (the language of the Qur'an) through conversion and cultural
assimilation. Many groups became known as "Arabs" through this process of
Arabization rather than through descent. Thus, over time, the term Arab came to
carry a broader meaning than the original ethnic term: cultural Arab vs. ethnic
Arab. Arab nationalism declares that Arabs are united in a shared history,
culture and language. A related ideology, Pan-Arabism, calls for all Arab lands
to be united as one state. Arab nationalism has often competed for existence
with regional nationalism in the Middle East, such as Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi
and Egyptian nationalism.
[edit] Population of Arabic speakers
Main articles: Arab World and Arab diaspora
The Arab World is the largest geocultural unit in the world after Russia and
Anglo-America, with a population exceeding 300 million and spanning more than
14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 sq mi), from the Atlantic Ocean in the
west to the Arabian Sea in the east. The table below is based on the number of
Arabic-speakers (Arabophones), some of whom do not identify as Arabs.
Arab states
Flag ↓ Country ↓ Number of Arabic speakers ↓ Total Population ↓ % Arabic
speakers ↓ Notes ↓
Egypt Egypt 82,667,004 82,999,000 99.6% [7] Between 98% and 99.8% of the
population is "Egyptian". While William Safire writes that only 1% are "ethnic
Arabs", David Levinson writes that 90% are "Eastern Hamitic Arabs". While some
writers believe that Egyptian Muslims are considered Arabs but Egyptian
Christians are not, others state that neither Muslim nor Christians in Egypt are
Arabs and that neither of them consider themselves Arabs,[20][21][22][23][24]
and some contemporary Egyptian Muslims reject the idea that Egyptians are
Arabs.[25][26][27] For more information, see Egyptians#Identity.
Algeria Algeria 34,546,050 34,895,000 99% [7] Berbers in Algeria (about 15% of
the population) speak Berber languages as first language
Morocco Morocco 31,705,063 31,993,000 99.1% [7] Berbers in Morocco (about 30% of
the population) speak Berber languages as first language
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 28,000,000 28,686,633 99.7% [7]
Iraq Iraq 24,206,350 31,234,000 75-80% [7]
Yemen Yemen 23,580,000 23,580,000 100% [7]
Syria Syria 19,781,118 21,906,000 90.3% [7]
Palestinian territories Palestineall palestinains 16,716,608 19,148,000 89.6%
[7]
Sudan Sudan 16,486,080 42,272,000 39% [7]
Somalia Somalia 20,456,080 27,342,000 80% [7]
Tunisia Tunisia 10,121,244 10,327,800 98% [7]
Libya Libya 6,227,400 6,420,000 97% [7]
Jordan Jordan 6,189,680 6,316,000 98% [7]
Lebanon Lebanon 4,012,800 4,224,000 95% [7] Many Lebanese reject Arab identity
and do not self identify as Arabs (see Lebanese people#Identity, Lebanese
nationalism, Phoenicianism)
Kuwait Kuwait 2,388,000 2,985,000 80% [7]
United Arab Emirates UAE 1,839,600 4,599,000 40% [7]
Oman Oman 1,650,100 2,845,000 58% [28]
Mauritania Mauritania 1,645,500 3,291,000 30-70% [7]
Qatar Qatar 563,600 1,409,000 40% [7]
Western Sahara Western Sahara 513,000 513,000 100% [7]
Bahrain Bahrain 493,584 791,000 62.4% [7]
- Total ~298,150,751 ~345,434,433 ~86.32%
The Arab diaspora is a global diaspora estimated at between 30 and 50 million
people distributed across every continent and almost every country in the world.
More than half of the Arabic diaspora is concentrated in Latin America. Other
regions with high concentrations are Western Europe, Western Asia and North
America.
Arab diaspora
Flag ↓ Country ↓ Number of Arabic speakers ↓ Total Population ↓ % Arabic
speakers ↓ Notes ↓
Brazil Brazil 12,000,000 191,241,714 6.28% [29]
France France 6,000,000 65,073,482 9.22%
Argentina Argentina 3,500,000 40,482,000 8.65% [30]
United States United States 3,500,000 307,473,000 1.14% [31]
Iran Iran 2,225,880 74,196,000 3% [7]
Italy Italy 1,950,210 60,234,000 3.1% [32]
Israel Israel 1,500,000 7,411,000 20.24% [33]
Turkey Turkey 1,200,000 74,816,000 1.60%
Mexico Mexico 1,100,000 111,211,789 1%
Venezuela Venezuela 900,000 26,814,843 3.36% [34]
Chile Chile 800,000 16,928,873 4.73% [35]
Colombia Colombia 700,000 44,928,970 1.56% [36]
United Kingdom United Kingdom 500,000 61,113,205 0.82%
Australia Australia 500,000 21,885,016 2.29%
Canada Canada 500,000 33,790,000 1.48%
Germany Germany 400,000 82,060,000 0.49%
Pakistan Pakistan 300,000 180,808,000 0.17%
Ecuador Ecuador 200,000 13,625,000 1.47%
Russia Russia 200,000 142,008,838 0.14%
- Total ~36,025,880 - -
[edit] History
Wiki letter w.svg This section requires expansion.
[edit] Ancient Near East
Main article: Ancient Near East
Al Khazneh, "The Treasury" at Petra in Jordan, built in the early 1st century
BCE by the Nabataeans.
Many scholars derive the entire population of the Near East from population
movements out of Jazirat al-Arab ("island of the Arabs") - an area between the
Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, with Hadramawt its southern perimeter, extending
northward up to the area just east of the Dead Sea (Jordan).[37] Early Semitic
peoples from the Ancient Near East, such as the Arameans, Akkadians and
Canaanites, built civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Levant; genetically, they
often interlapped and mixed.[38] Slowly, however, they lost their political
domination of the Near East due to internal turmoil and attacks by non-Semitic
peoples. Although the Semites eventually lost political control of Western Asia
to the Persian Empire, the Aramaic language remained the lingua franca of
Mesopotamia and the Levant. Aramaic itself was replaced by Greek as Western
Asia's prestige language following the conquest of Alexander III of Macedon.
The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian
inscription of 853 BCE, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi
(Arab land) as among the people he defeated at the Battle of Karkar. Some of the
names given in these texts are Aramaic, while others are the first attestations
of Proto-Arabic dialects. In fact several different ethnonyms are found in
Assyrian texts that are conventionally translated "Arab": Arabi, Arubu, Aribi
and Urbi. Many of the Qedarite queens were also described as queens of the aribi.
The Hebrew Bible occasionally refers to Arvi peoples (or variants thereof),
translated as "Arab" or "Arabian." The scope of the term at that early stage is
unclear, but it seems to have referred to various desert-dwelling Semitic tribes
in the Syrian Desert and Arabia.
Proto-Arabic, or Ancient North Arabian, texts give a clearer picture of the
Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south
Arabian musnad script, including the 8th century BCE Hasaean inscriptions of
eastern Saudi Arabia, the 6th century BCE Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi
Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout Arabia and the Sinai (not in
reality connected with Thamud).
The Nabataeans were nomadic newcomers[39][dubious – discuss] who moved into
territory vacated by the Edomites -- Semites who settled the region centuries
before them. Their early inscriptions were in Aramaic, but gradually switched to
Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions
in Arabic. The Nabataean Alphabet was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved
into modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This is attested by Safaitic
inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BCE) and the many Arabic personal
names in Nabataean inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few
inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw (near Sulayyil) reveal a dialect which is no
longer considered "proto-Arabic", but pre-classical Arabic. Five Syriac
inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at Sumatar Harabesi, one of which
has been dated to the 2nd century CE.
[edit] Early migrations
Further information: Ancient Arabia, History of the Levant, Syria (Roman
province), and Arabia Petraea
In Sassanid times, Arabia Petraea was a border province between the Roman and
Persian empires,[40] and from the early centuries AD was increasingly affected
by Arab influence, notably with the Ghassanids migrating north from the 3rd
century.
The Ghassanids, Lakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of
non-Muslims out of Yemen to the north.
* The Ghassanids revived the Semitic presence in the then Hellenized Syria. They
mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and
Jordan. The Ghassanids held Syria until the expansion of Islam.
Coin showing the Roman Emperor, Philip the Arab.
Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the
Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen "Arabia Felix".[41] The Romans
called the vassal nomadic states within the Roman Empire "Arabia Petraea" after
the city of Petra, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the
south and east Arabia Magna.
* The Lakhmids settled the mid Tigris region around their capital Al-hira they
ended up allying with the Sassanid against the Ghassanids and the Byzantine
Empire. The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the
Kindites with the Lakhmids eventually destroying Kinda in 540 after the fall of
their main ally Himyar. The Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid kingdom in 602.
* The Kindites migrated from Yemen along with the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, but
were turned back in Bahrain by the Abdul Qais Rabi'a tribe. They returned to
Yemen and allied themselves with the Himyarites who installed them as a vassal
kingdom that ruled Central Arbia from Qaryah dhat Kahl (the present-day Qaryat
al-Faw) in Central Arabia. They ruled much of the Northern/Central Arabian
peninsula until the fall of the Himyarites in 525AD.
[edit] Early Islamic period
Further information: Muslim conquests
Age of the Caliphs Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632/A.H. 1-11 Expansion during
the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661/A.H. 11-40 Expansion during the Umayyad
Caliphate, 661–750/A.H. 40-129
Muslims of Medina referred to the nomadic tribes of the deserts as the A'raab,
and considered themselves sedentary, but were aware of their close racial bonds.
The term "A'raab' mirrors the term Assyrians used to describe the closely
related nomads they defeated in Syria.
The Qur'an does not use the word ʿarab, only the nisba adjective ʿarabiy. The
Qur'an calls itself ʿarabiy, "Arabic", and Mubin, "clear". The two qualities are
connected for example in ayat 43.2-3, "By the clear Book: We have made it an
Arabic recitation in order that you may understand". The Qur'an became regarded
as the prime example of the al-ʿarabiyya, the language of the Arabs. The term
ʾiʿrāb has the same root and refers to a particularly clear and correct mode of
speech. The plural noun ʾaʿrāb refers to the Bedouin tribes of the desert who
resisted Muhammad, for example in ayat 9.97, alʾaʿrābu ʾašaddu kufrān wa nifāqān
"the Bedouin are the worst in disbelief and hypocrisy".
Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, ʿarabiy referred to the language,
and ʾaʿrāb to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation due to the
Qur'anic verdict just cited. But after the Islamic conquest of the 8th century,
the language of the nomadic Arabs became regarded as the most pure by the
grammarians following Abi Ishaq, and the term kalam al-ʿArab, "language of the
Arabs", denoted the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins.
[edit] Levant and Iraq
Main articles: Muslim conquest of Syria and Islamic conquest of Iraq
Map detailing Rashidun Caliphates invasion of Levant.
The arrival of Islam united many tribes in Arabia, who then moved northwards to
conquer the Levant and Iraq. In 661, and throughout the Caliphate's rule by the
Ummayad dynasty, Damascus was established as the Muslim capital. In these newly
acquired territories, Arabs comprised the ruling military elite and as such,
enjoyed special privileges. They were proud of their Arab ancestry and sponsored
the poetry and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia whilst diffusing with Levantine and
Iraqi culture. They established garrison towns at Ramla, ar-Raqqah, Basra, Kufa,
Mosul and Samarra, all of which developed into major cities.[42]
Caliph Abd al-Malik established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in
686. This reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples and fueled
the Arabization of the region. However, the Arabs' higher status among non-Arab
Muslim converts and the latter's obligation to pay heavy taxes caused
resentment. Caliph Umar II strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power
in 717. He rectified the situation, demanding that all Muslims be treated as
equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect as he died after only three
years of rule. By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an
uprising occurred in which the Abbasids came to power and moved the capital to
Baghdad. The Abbasids were also Arabs (descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas),
but unlike the Ummayads, they had the support of non-Arab Islamic groups.[42]
Through the adoption of the Arabic language and Islam, the Levantine and Iraqi
populations became Arabized.
[edit] North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula
Main articles: Muslim conquest of Egypt, Umayyad conquest of North Africa, and
Umayyad invasion of Hispania
Inland in North Africa, the nomadic Berbers allied with Arab Muslims in invading
Spain. The Arabs mainly settled the old Phoenician and Carthagenian towns, while
the Berbers remained dominant inland. Inland north Africa remained partly Arab
until the 11th century, whereas the Iberian Peninsula, particularly its southern
part, remained heavily Arab, until the expulsion of the Moriscos in the 15th
century.
[edit] Islamic Golden Age
Wiki letter w.svg This section requires expansion.
Main articles: Islamic Golden Age, Abbasid Caliphate, and Al-Andalus
View of the Alhambra from the Mirador de San Nicolás in the Albaycin of Granada.
During the Muslim conquests of the 7th and early 8th centuries, Rashidun armies
established the Caliphate, or Islamic Empire, one of the largest empires in
history. The Islamic Golden Age was soon inaugurated by the middle of the 8th
century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the
capital from Damascus to the newly founded city Baghdad. The Abbassids were
influenced by the Qur'anic injunctions and hadith such as "The ink of the
scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs" stressing the value of
knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became the unrivalled
intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the
Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the "House of Wisdom"
(Arabic:بيت الحكمة) in Baghdad; where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought
to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic
works of antiquity that would otherwise have been forgotten were translated into
Arabic and later in turn translated into Turkish, Persian, Hebrew and Latin.
During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected,
synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient
Mesopotamian, Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Greek
and Byzantine civilizations. Rival Muslim dynasties such as the Fatimids of
Egypt and the Umayyads of al-Andalus were also major intellectual centres with
cities such as Cairo and Córdoba rivaling Baghdad.[43]
[edit] Arabs of the Caucasus and Central Asia
Further information: Emirate of Tbilisi, Emirate of Armenia, and History of
Arabs in Afghanistan
In 1728, a Russian officer described a group of Sunni Arab nomads who populated
the Caspian shores of Mughan (in present-day Azerbaijan) and spoke a mixed
Turkic-Arabic language.[44] It is believed that these groups migrated to the
Caucasus in the 16th century.[45] The 1888 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica
also mentioned a certain number of Arabs populating the Baku Governorate of the
Russian Empire.[46] They retained an Arabic dialect at least into the mid-19th
century,[47] but since then have fully assimilated with the neighbouring Azeris
and Tats. Today in Azerbaijan alone, there are nearly 30 settlements still
holding the name Arab (e.g. Arabgadim, Arabojaghy, Arab-Yengija, etc.).
From the time of the Arab conquest of the Caucasus, continuous small-scale Arab
migration from various parts of the Arabic-speaking world was observed in
Dagestan influencing and shaping the culture of the local peoples. Up until the
mid-20th century, there were still individuals in Dagestan who claimed Arabic to
be their native language, with the majority of them living in the village of
Darvag to the north-west of Derbent. The latest of these accounts dates to the
1930s.[45] Most Arab communities in southern Dagestan underwent linguistic
Turkicisation, thus nowadays Darvag is a majority-Azeri village.[48][49]
According to the History of Ibn Khaldun, the Arabs that were once in Central
Asia have been either killed or have fled the Tatar invasion of the region,
leaving only the locals .[50] However, today many people in Central Asia
identify as Arabs. Most Arabs of Central Asia are fully integrated into local
populations, and sometimes call themselves the same as locals (e.g. Tajiks,
Uzbeks) but they use special titles to show their Arabic origin such as Sayyid,
Khoja or Siddiqui.[51]
Iranian Arab communities are also found in Khorasan Province.
[edit] Tribal genealogy
Arab family of Ramallah,1905
Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:
* "Ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as 'Ad and
Thamud, often mentioned in the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy
wicked peoples.
* "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites
(Qahtanis) are said to have migrated the land of Yemen following the destruction
of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).
* The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from
Ishmael son of Abraham. The Book of Jubilees claims that the The sons of Ishmael
intermingled with the 6 sons of Keturah from Abraham And was called Arabs and
Ishmaelites:
Book of Jubilees 20:13 And Ishmael and his sons, and the sons of Keturah and
their sons, went together and dwelt from Paran to the entering in of Babylon in
all the land which is towards the East facing the desert. And these mingled with
each other, and their name was called Arabs, and Ishmaelites.
Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddima distinguishes between sedentary Muslims who used to be
nomadic Arabs and the Bedouin nomadic Arabs of the desert. He used the term
"formerly-nomadic" Arabs and refers to sedentary Muslims by the region or city
they lived in, as in Egyptians, Spaniards and Yemenis.[52] The Christians of
Italy and the Crusaders preferred the term Saracens for all the Arabs and
Muslims of that time.[53] The Christians of Iberia used the term Moor to
describe all the Arabs and Muslims of that time.
[edit] Religion
Main articles: Islam and Arab Christians
Arab Muslims are generally Sunni, Shia, Ismaili and Druze. Arab Christians
generally follow Eastern Churches such as the Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic
churches and the Maronite church.[54] The Greek Catholic churches and Maronite
church are under the Pope of Rome, and a part of the larger worldwide Catholic
Church.
Christian martyr Saint Abo, the patron saint of Tbilisi.
Before the coming of Islam, most Arabs followed a pagan religion with a number
of deities, including Hubal,[55] Wadd,[56] Allāt,[12] Manat,[57] and Uzza.[58] A
few individuals, the hanifs, had apparently rejected polytheism in favor of
monotheism unaffiliated with any particular religion. Some tribes had converted
to Christianity or Judaism. The most prominent Arab Christian kingdoms were the
Ghassanid and Lakhmid kingdoms.[59] When the Himyarite king converted to Judaism
in the late 4th century,[60] the elites of the other prominent Arab kingdom, the
Kindites, being Himyirite vassals, apparently also converted (at least partly).
With the expansion of Islam, polytheistic Arabs were rapidly Islamized, and
polytheistic traditions gradually disappeared.[61][62]
Pilgrims circumambulating the Kaaba during the Hajj
Today, Sunni Islam dominates in most areas, overwhelmingly so in North Africa.
Shia Islam is dominant in southern Iraq, Bahrain and Lebanon. Substantial Shi'a
populations exist in Saudi Arabia,[63] Kuwait, northern Syria, the al-Batinah
region in Oman, and in northern Yemen. The Druze community, concentrated in the
Levant, follow a faith that was originally an offshoot of Ismaili Shia
Islam,[64] and are also Arab.
Christians make up 5.5% of the population of the Near East.[65] In Lebanon they
number about 39% of the population.[66] In Syria, Christians make up 16% of the
population.[67] In Palestine before the creation of Israel estimates ranged as
high as 25%, but is now 3.8% due largely to the 1948 Palestinian exodus. In West
Bank and in Gaza, Arab Christians make up 8% and 0.8% of the populations,
respectively.[68][69] In Israel, Arab Christians constitute 1.7% (roughly 9% of
the Palestinian Arab population).[70] Arab Christians make up 6% of the
population of Jordan.[71] Most North and South American Arabs are Christian,[72]
as are about half of Arabs in Australia who come particularly from Lebanon,
Syria, and the Palestinian territories.
Jews from Arab countries – mainly Mizrahi Jews and Yemenite Jews – are today
usually not categorised as Arab. Sociologist Philip Mendes asserts that before
the anti-Jewish actions of the 1930s and 1940s, overall Iraqi Jews "viewed
themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, rather than as a separate race or
nationality".[73] Prior to the emergence of the term Mizrahi, the term "Arab
Jews" (Yehudim ‘Áravim, יהודים ערבים) was sometimes used to describe Jews of the
Arab world. The term is rarely used today. The few remaining Jews in the Arab
countries reside mostly in Morocco and Tunisia. From the late 1940s to the early
1960s, following the creation of the state of Israel, most of these Jews left or
were expelled from their countries of birth and are now mostly concentrated in
Israel. Some immigrated to France, where they form the largest Jewish community,
outnumbering European Jews, but relatively few to the United States. See Jewish
exodus from Arab lands.
[edit] Culture
Arab culture is an inclusive term that draws together the common themes and
overtones found in the Arabic-speaking cultures, especially those of the
Middle-Eastern countries. This region's distinct religion, art, and food are
some of the fundamental features that define Arab culture.
Arabic music is the music of Arabic-speaking people or countries, especially
those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The world of Arab music has long
been dominated by Cairo, a cultural center, though musical innovation and
regional styles abound from Morocco to Saudi Arabia. Beirut has, in recent
years, also become a major center of Arabic music. Classical Arab music is
extremely popular across the population, especially a small number of superstars
known throughout the Arab world. Regional styles of popular music include
Algerian raï, Moroccan gnawa, Kuwaiti sawt, Egyptian el gil and Turkish
Arabesque-pop music.
[edit] See also
Arabic-speaking world
* Arab world
o Arab diaspora
Geography
* Arabian Peninsula
* Egypt
* Fertile Crescent
o Levant
o Mesopotamia
* Maghreb
Language and culture
* Arabic language
o Arabic alphabet
o Arabic dialects
o Arabic literature
* Arabic culture
o Arab cinema
o Arab cuisine
o Arabic music
o Arabian mythology
* Arab Nationalism
o Pan-Arabism
o Pan Arab Games
Arab Organizations
* Arab League
o Arab Parliament
* Arab American Institute
* American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
* Arab European League
* Arab Maghreb Union
* Council of Arab Economic Unity
[edit] References
1. ^ Arabic Language - ninemsn Encarta
2. ^ Brazil - Brasil - BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Arabs: They are 12 Million
in Brazil - Brazilian Immigration - September 2004
3. ^ http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&cs=1
4. ^ Inmigración sirio-libanesa en Argentina
5. ^ http://www.aaiusa.org/about/17/our-history Arab American Institute (AAI)
6. ^ Iran, CIA factbook (1% Arabic-speakers and 3% ethnic Arabs)
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The World Factbook [1]
8. ^ WorldStatesmen.org - Mexico
9. ^ Kister, M.J. "Ķuāḍa." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th.
Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill
Online. 10 April 2008: "The name is an early one and can be traced in fragments
of the old Arab poetry. The tribes recorded as Ķuḍā'ī were: Kalb [q.v.],
Djuhayna , Balī, Bahrā' [q.v.], Khawlān [q.v.], Mahra , Khushayn, Djarm, 'Udhra
[q.v.], Balkayn [see al-Kayn ], Tanūkh [q.v.] and Salīh"
10. ^ Serge D. Elie, "Hadiboh: From Peripheral Village to Emerging City",
Chroniques Yéménites: "In the middle, were the Arabs who originated from
different parts of the mainland (e.g., prominent Mahrî tribes10, and individuals
from Hadramawt, and Aden)". Footnote 10: "Their neighbours in the West scarcely
regarded them as Arabs, though they themselves consider they are of the pure
stock of Himyar.” [2]
11. ^ Deng, 1995, p. 405.
12. ^ a b Arab
13. ^ Islam and the Arabic language
14. ^ Banu Judham migration
15. ^ Ghassanids Arabic linguistic influence in Syria
16. ^ Retsö, 2003, p. 105.
17. ^ Jankowski, James. "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism" in Rashid Kakhlidi,
ed., Origins of Arab Nationalism, pp. 244–45
18. ^ qtd in Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century.
Princeton University Press. 2003, p. 99
19. ^ 1996, p.xviii
20. ^ Historically, Egyptians have considered themselves as distinct from
'Arabs' and even at present rarely do they make that identification in casual
contexts; il-'arab [the Arabs] as used by Egyptians refers mainly to the
inhabitants of the Gulf states... Egypt has been both a leader of pan-Arabism
and a site of intense resentment towards that ideology. Egyptians had to be
made, often forcefully, into "Arabs" [during the Nasser era] because they did
not historically identify themselves as such. Egypt was self-consciously a
nation not only before pan-Arabism but also before becoming a colony of the
British Empire. Its territorial continuity since ancient times, its unique
history as exemplified in its pharaonic past and later on its Coptic language
and culture, had already made Egypt into a nation for centuries. Egyptians saw
themselves, their history, culture and language as specifically Egyptian and not
"Arab." Haeri, Niloofar. Sacred language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture
and Politics in Egypt. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003, pp. 47, 136.
21. ^ Apostolov, Mario (2004). Christian-Muslim frontier: a zone of contact,
conflict, or cooperation. Routledge. pp. 63. "What is more, the two large
communities in the country - Arab Muslims and Christian Copts, who speak the
same Arabic dialect - share the feeling of belonging to the same Egyptian
nation."
22. ^ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference
handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 126. ISBN 9781573560191. "The ethnic
composition of Egypt is relatively homogeneous. Ninety percent of the population
are Eastern Hamitic Arabs, and 94% are Muslims, mainly of the Sunni rite. The
term "Egyptian" indicated nationality, not ethnicity or religion."
23. ^ Safire, William (2004). The New York Times guide to essential knowledge.
pp. 1074. ISBN 0-312-37659-6. "Ethnic groups [in Egypt]: 98% Egyptian, Berber,
Nubian, Bedouin, Beja 1%, Greek, Armenian, other European 1%"
24. ^ Encyclopedia of World Geography - North Africa. 2002. pp. 2179. ISBN
0-7614-7289-4. "Ethnic composition [of Egypt]: Egyptian 99.8%, others 2%"
25. ^ In response to queries about Tutankhamun in a recent lecture, Hawass
declared "Egyptians are not Arabs..." "Tutankhamun was not black: Egypt
antiquities chief". AFP.
http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iB6u3XEMp9IrJfl-kH6FHNgZCg_A. Retrieved
2007-09-27.
26. ^ An Interculturalist in Cairo. InterCultures Magazine. January 2007.
27. ^ We are Egyptians, not Arabs. ArabicNews.com. 11/06.2003.
28. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=100431&rog3=MU
29. ^ http://www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/sep04/p118sep04.htm
30. ^ http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php
Inmigracion sirio-libanesa en Argentina
31. ^ http://www.aaiusa.org/about/17/our-history Arab American Institute (AAI)
32. ^ http://istati.it
33. ^ http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/isr_in_n08e.pdf CBS Israel
34. ^ http://www.aljadid.com/features/ArabsMakingTheirMarkinLatinAmerica.html
35. ^ http://www.blog-v.com/arabesenchile/ Arab Chileans
36. ^ http://www2.anba.com.br/noticia_diplomacia.kmf?cod=8701931
37. ^ Cragg, 1991, p. 13.
38. ^ Journal of Semitic Studies Volume 52, Number 1
39. ^ Biblical Israel Tours
40. ^ Borders of the Roman Empire
41. ^ Reconstruction of the World Map according to Dionysus
42. ^ a b Lunde, Paul (2002). Islam. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing.
pp. 50–52. ISBN 0-7894-8797-7.
43. ^ Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution
Press, 2003, pg 26-38 ISBN 081573283X
44. ^ Genko, A. The Arabic Language and Caucasian Studies. USSR Academy of
Sciences Publ. Moscow-Leningrad. 8-109
45. ^ a b Zelkina, Anna. Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter, 2000;
p. 101
46. ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer (ed). "Transcaucasia." Encyclopædia Britannica.
1888. p. 514
47. ^ Golestan-i Iram by Abbasgulu Bakikhanov. Translated by Ziya Bunyadov.
Baku: 1991, p. 21
48. ^ Seferbekov, Ruslan. Characters Персонажи традиционных религиозных
представлений азербайджанцев Табасарана.
49. ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm et al. Atlas of languages of intercultural
communication. Walter de Gruyter, 1996; p. 966
50. ^ History of Ibn Khaldun
51. ^ Arabic As a Minority Language By Jonathan Owens, pg. 184
52. ^ Levity.com, Islam
53. ^ www.eyewitnesstohistory.com
54. ^ CHRISTIANS (in the Arab world)
55. ^ Is Hubal The Same As Allah?
56. ^ Encyclopedia Mythica entry on Wadd
57. ^ The Book of Idols (Kitab Al-Asnam) by Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi
58. ^ The Book of Idols (Kitab Al-Asnam) by Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi
59. ^ From Marib The Sabean Capital To Carantania
60. ^ "Msn Encarta entry on Himyarites". Archived from the original on
2009-10-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5kwKYrqyh.
61. ^ History of Islam
62. ^ Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion
63. ^ Shia Muslims in the Mideast
64. ^ Britannica - Druze
65. ^ Christian Communities in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. 1998.
ISBN 0-19-829388-7.
66. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Lebanon
67. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Syria
68. ^ CIA The World Factbook - West Bank
69. ^ CIA The World Factbook - Gaza
70. ^ CIA The World Factbook - Israel
71. ^ CIA The World Factbook - Jordan
72. ^ [3]
73. ^ THE FORGOTTEN REFUGEES: the causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from
Arab Countries By Philip Mendes
[edit] Bibliography
This article contains Arabic text, written from right to left in a cursive style
with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined
Arabic letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols
instead of Arabic script.
* Cragg, Kenneth (1991). The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East.
Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0664221823, 9780664221829.
http://books.google.ca/books?id=pMuxLlWih04C&pg=PP1&dq=%22arab+christian%22#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
* Deng, Francis Mading (1995). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the
Sudan. Brookings Institution Press.
* Touma, Habib Hassan. The Music of the Arabs. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus P,
1996. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
* Lipinski, Edward. Semitic Languages: Outlines of a Comparative Grammar, 2nd
ed., Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta: Leuven 2001
* Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, Edinburgh University Press (1997)
* The Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, 1907, Online Edition, K.
Night 2003: article Arabia
* History of Arabic language(1894), Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
* The Arabic language, National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education
web page (2006)
* Ankerl, Guy (2000) [2000]. Global communication without universal
civilization. INU societal research. Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary
civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
ISBN 2-88155-004-5.
* Hooker, Richard. "Pre-Islamic Arabic Culture." WSU Web Site. 6 June 1999.
Washington State University.
* Owen, Roger. "State Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East
3rd Ed" Page 57 ISBN 0-415-29714-1
[edit] External links
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Arab people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arab people (Arabic: عربي, ʿarabi) or Arabs (العرب al-ʿarab) are an ethnic
group whose members identify along linguistic, cultural or genealogical grounds.
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Etymology - Arab identity - Population - History
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60.
ARAB BAROMETER
The Arab Democracy Barometer was established in 2005 by the Institute for Social
Research of the University of Michigan in close collaboration with ...
www.arabbarometer.org/ - -
61.
Arab Social Science Research
ASSR is the clearinghouse of Arab social science research.
www.assr.org/ - -
62.
Arab States | Worldwide | UNESCO.ORG
The Arab States region presented here follows the specific UNESCO definition
which does not forcibly reflect geography. It refers to the execution of ...
portal.unesco.org/.../ev.php-URL_ID=2314&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html -
-
63.
Arab Thought Forum
Think tank organization dedicated to identifying critical issues in Palestinian
society for analysis and public debate. Includes programs, activities and ...
www.multaqa.org/ - -
64.
Arab Science and Technology Foundation - Home
Call for Pan-Arab Inventors. Sunday, November 01, 2009. Dr. Maged Hussein
Memorial Grant Competition in Soil Salinity and Water Management in Iraq ...
www.astf.net/ - -
65.
Al Jazeera English - AJE
Arabic .... AFRICA · AMERICAS · ASIA-PACIFIC · CENTRAL/S. ASIA · EUROPE · MIDDLE
EAST · SEARCH · ABOUT US · PODCASTS · MOBILE · ARABIC · RSS.
english.aljazeera.net/ - -
66.
Arab Reform Initiative
The Arab Reform Initiative is a network of independent Arab research and policy
institutes, with partners from the United States and Europe. Its (...)
arab-reform.net/ - -
67.
Arab Newspapers and Magazines - Arabic News - Middle East News Sources
Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to
display inline frames. بالعربي. Arabic Newspapers ...
www.arab2.com/newspapers.htm - -
68.
UAE Map - Map of UAE, United Arab Emirates Map, Abu Dhabi Map ...
Formerly known as the Trucial States, the United Arab Emirates are a federation
of seven individual states, all ruled by emirs. ...
www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/ae.htm - -
69.
EuropeArabBank
As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arab Bank plc, Europe Arab Bank offers clients a
rich heritage combined with a focused, progressive offering structured to ...
www.eabplc.com/ - -
70.
Home - ARABLAB The Expo 2010 [09th - 12th January]
Welcome to ARABLAB 2010. ARABLAB The Expo 2010. ARABLAB is the No1 Business to
Business show for the Analytical Industry. ...
www.arablab.com/ - -
71.
Arabic Song Lyrics and Translation
The largest Arab music blog, with over 780 songs of over 170 artists from all
over the Arabic speaking world in translation ...
www.arabicmusictranslation.com/ - -
72.
National Arab American Medical Association - NAAMA
NAAMA is a nonprofit, nonpolitical, educational and charitable organization of
medical professionals of Arab descent.
www.naama.com/ - -
73.
Arab American Chamber of Commerce, Legal and Commercial Document ...
Arab American Chamber of Commerce certifies the commercial invoice and
certificate of origin of exported documents from the US to the Arab countries.
www.arabchamber.org/ - -
74.
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee: Home Page
Includes hate crimes hotline, incident reporting, advice for educators and
Arab-American parents, educational resources, and statements of support.
www.adc.org/ - -
75.
Arab Student Aid International l ASAI l Home
Arab Student Aid International. Non-profit, Interest-Free loans, Middle East,
USA, Europe.
www.arabstudentaid.org/ - -
76.
Araboo - The Arab Guide
Arab at Araboo.com - A comprehensive Arab Directory, with categorized links to
Arabic sites, news, updates, resources and more.
www.araboo.com/ - -
77.
CAABU :: The Council for Arab-British Understanding
Information on the Arab World, Arab-British links, talks on the Arab world, and
issues such as Iraq and sanctions, Palestine and Israel, and Lebanon.
www.caabu.org/ - -
78.
Arab Bankers Association of North America - Home
ABANA is a not-for-profit professional association with members from the
financial services industry in the Arab world and North America. ...
www.arabbankers.org/ - -
79.
Arab Environment Watch - Jeeran Blogs
English posts from Jeeran blogs community: About this blog,Adaptation to Climate
Change,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Climate Change Impacts,Climate Change ...
www.arabenvironment.net/ - -
80.
Arab portal, for Arabs Chat, News, Arabic Mail and free Arabian ...
Arab Portal is your one gateway for Arab Chat, Arabic Mail, Arabs Blog, Arabian
eCard, Zawaj, Arabia finance, news and much more!
www.wearab.net/ - Cached -
81.
ArabMatchmaking.com for Arab marriage and Arab Matrimonials for Arabs.
Arab marriage site and Arab Matrimonial service for Arabs looking for Arab
Marriage, Arab matrimonials, and Arab matrimony.
www.arabmatchmaking.com/ - -
82.
The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information
The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI) denounced the statements
of the Egyptian officials in the media against the activists of the ...
www.anhri.net/en/ - -
83.
Welcome to www.arabmedia.com, your gateway to the Arab community ...
Arab Media House, Inc. , founded in 1990 by Hikmat Farid Beaini , publishes
Al-Nashra Newspaper, and the Arab-American Directory. It's also a marketing and
...
www.arabmedia.com/ - -
84.
Welcome to the UAE Embassy in Washington, DC | UAE Embassy in ...
Skip to Content Skip to Main Navigation Skip to Quick Search Skip to Footer.
Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Washington DC ...
www.uae-embassy.org/ - -
85.
Arabic Calligraphy
Biographies and virtual gallery of the work of Kamel El Baba (1905-91) and his
son Mokhtar, who offers custom Arabic calligraphy.
www.arabiccalligraphy.com/ - -
86.
صحافة و إعلام - الأخبار العربية - Arabic News - Middle East News ...
31 Dec 2009 ... صحافة و إعلام - Arabic News & Newspapers - Sahafa Online Arabic
News is a comprehensive collection of Arabic Newspapers Around the world ...
www.sahafa.com/ - 8 hours ago - -
87.
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa - BADEA
The Bank is a financial institution funded by the Governments of the Member
States of the League of Arab States, The Bank was created for the purpose of ...
www.badea.org/ - -
88.
Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Primer - Table ...
Palestinian Arab Refugees; Palestinians; Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel.
Page 6. The June 1967 War. Page 7. The Occupied Territories; Jerusalem ...
www.merip.org/palestine-israel.../toc-pal-isr-primer.html - -
89.
Pan Arab WebAwards
The Pan Arab Web Awards Academy in association with AYNA , MICROSOFT and BSA has
the honor to presents the 6th Pan Arab Web Awards Competition. ...
www.panarabwebawards.org/ - -
90.
Official Website of Justice for Jews from Arab Countries
Justice for Jews from Arab Countries (JJAC) is a coalition of Jewish communal
organizations operating under the auspices of the ...
www.justiceforjews.com/ - -
91.
Arab Press Network
APN is a digital network dedicated to the development of a stronger independent
press in the Arab world.
www.arabpressnetwork.org/ - -
92.
Arab Society of Certified Accountants (ACPA)
The Arab Society Certified Accountants (ASCA) aims at advancing the profession
of accounting, auditing management in the Arab countries.
www.ascasociety.org/ - -
93.
Free Arab Dating Marriage friendship zawaj
Free Arab Dating, Arab Singles Site Where Arab Men and Women meet for
friendship, marriage, zawaj, love, dating, matchmaking and more...
www.arabelove.com/ - United States - -
94.
Arab / Around the world / Home - World Organization of the Scout ...
In close cooperation with Sudan Scout Association, the Arab Scout Regional
Office organizes the 26th Arab Scout Conference during the period 22-28/1/2010,
...
www.scout.org › Home › Around the world - -
95.
United Arab Emirates in the Yahoo! Directory
Find resources about United Arab Emirates. Explore the history, learn about the
regions, find local newspapers, check the business categories, ...
dir.yahoo.com › Regional › Countries - -
96.
Arab Society of Princeton - Home
6 Nov 2009 ... An organization for those interested in the Arab world and its
culture. Resource links and contact details.
www.princeton.edu/~arabsoc/ - -
97.
The Arab Investment & Export Credit Guarantee Corporation
The Arab Investment and Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (DHAMAN) aims to
promote transfer of Arab capital among Arab countries and to enhance of Arab ...
www.iaigc.net/ - -
98.
Arab Marriage, Arab Dating, Arab Personals, Arab Singles, Arab Friends
Arabium is a matchmaking service for the arab community. Meet arab singles for
dating, relationships, and marriage.
www.arabium.com/ - -
99.
Arabic Search Engine: Directory of arabic and islamic sites
The largest search engine for arabs, muslims and the middle east featuring,
egypt sites, arabic newspapers, arabic women, and arabic software.
www.4arabs.com/ - -
100.
ARAMUSIC, Arabic Music CDs
This is the site for ARAMUSIC the distributor of ARABIC music CDs.
www.aramusic.com/ - -
101.
YAL
www.yaleaders.org/ - -
102.
Blog posts about arab
Age of Obama: Arab League/OIC Demands Bigger UN Role in Israel ... - Atlas
Shrugs - 15 hours ago
Egyptian Chronicles: Kolena Laila : We Are Strong Arab Ladies - Egyptian
Chronicles - 10 hours ago
A year end manifestation: The Resolution | Rebellious Arab Girl - Rebellious
Arab Girl - 6 hours ago
103.
Image results for arab
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